Broadly spreading, evergreen. Purple to bronze foliage with red winged fruits in Jan/Feb. Tough shelter shrub for exposed and coastal conditions. Too frost tender for inland South Island areas.

Monocalypt, generally free of insect pests. S.E.Australia. Tall rough barked ground durable with proven good sawing and drying properties. Very hard heavy, attractive timber. Grows well on hill country where temperatures do not go below -5C. Rainfall 800-2500mm, coppices, resprouts epicormics after fire. Recommend planting in early Spring after chance of frosts.

Central & Southern Europe, N.W. Africa & S.W. Asia. Medium sized deciduous pioneer species. Tolerates dry and hot soils but best growth on deep moist soils, casting a heavy shade. Can be pollarded for stock feed. Buds pale brown, Leaves with 7-13 narrow leaflets, purplish autumn colour on some trees. Flowers in early spring, developing into bunches of brown samaras. Timber inferior in strength & elasticity to F. excelsior.

Forest canopy tree in lowland dry areas with a dark sooty trunk.Small leathery leaves arranged along the twig, pale underneath, with slightly incurved margins. DNA different from F. cliffortioides, but they readily hybridise.